Git的简介与常用指令

简介

git是一款免费、开源的分布式版本控制系统，用于敏捷高效地处理任何或小或大的项目。

注意git和github的区别：

git是一个版本控制工具
github是一个用git做版本控制的项目托管平台。

常用指令

Configure User Information

Configure user information for all local repositories

• Sets the name you want attached to your commit transactions

  git config --global user.name "[name]"

• Sets the email you want attached to your commit transactions

  git config --global user.email "[email address]"

• Enables helpful colorization of command line output

  git config --global color.ui auto

Create repositories

Start a new repository or obtain one from an existing URL

• Creates a new local repository with the specified name

  git init [project-name]

• Downloads a project and its entire version history

  git clone [url]

Review Changes

Review edits and craft a commit transaction

• Lists all new or modified files to be committed

  git status

• Shows file differences not yet staged

  git diff

• Snapshots the file in preparation for versioning

  git add [file]

  git add . can snapshot all files for versioning

• Shows file differences between staging and the last file version

  git diff --staged

• Unstages the file, but preserve its contents

  git reset [file]

• Records file snapshots permanently in version history

  git commit -m "[descriptive message]"

Group Changes

Name a series of commits and combine completed efforts

• Lists all local branches in the current repository

  git branch

• Creates a new branch

  git branch [branch-name]

• Switches to the specified branch and updates the working directory

  git checkout [branch-name]

• Combines the specified branch’s history into the current branch

  git merge [branch]

• Deletes the specified branch

  git branch -d [branch-name]

Refactor Filenames

Relocate and remove versioned files

• Deletes the file from the working directory and stages the deletion

  ​

• Removes the file from version control but preserves the file locally

  ​

• Changes the file name and prepares it for commit

Suppress Tracking

Exclude temporary files and paths

• A text file named .gitignore suppresses accidental versioning of
  files and paths matching the specified patterns

  #This is the sample context in the file .gitignore
  *.log
  build/
  temp-*

• Lists all ignored files in this project

  git ls-files --other --ignored --exclude-standard

Save Fragments

Shelve and restore incomplete changes

• Temporarily stores all modified tracked files

  git stash

• Restores the most recently stashed files

  git stash pop

• Lists all stashed changesets

  git stash list

• Discards the most recently stashed changeset

  git stash drop

Review History

Browse and inspect the evolution of project files

• Lists version history for the current branch

  git log

• Lists version history for a file, including renames

  git log --follow [file]

• Shows content differences between two branches

  git diff [first-branch]...[second-branch]

• Outputs metadata and content changes of the specified commit

  git show [commit]

Redo Commits

Erase mistakes and craft replacement history

• Undoes all commits after [commit], preserving changes locally

  git reset [commit]

• Discards all history and changes back to the specified commit

  git reset --hard [commit]

Synchronize Changes

Register a repository bookmark and exchange version history

• Downloads all history from the repository bookmark

  git fetch [bookmark]

• Combines bookmark’s branch into current local branch

  git merge [bookmark]/[branch]

• Uploads all local branch commits to GitHub

  git push [alias] [branch]

• Downloads bookmark history and incorporates changes

  git pull

Download the Specific File/Directory from Github

mkdir project_folder
cd project_folder
git init
git remote add -f origin <url>
git config core.sparsecheckout true
echo “fileORdir_you_want” >> .git/info/sparse-checkout
git pull origin master